Kaum zu glauben, vor allem für die jüngeren Leserinnen und Leser: Es hat eine Zeit vor der Digitalisierung gegeben. «Wie die Welt in den Computer kam», schildert ETH-Geschichtsprofessor David Gugerli in seinem gleichnamigen Buch. Dinge entwickeln sich und man kann sich stets fragen, was vorher gestanden hat und was nachher stehen wird.
Vorwiegend werden zwei Entwicklungsreihen propagiert, in die sich die Digitalisierung als vierten Schritt einreiht: Die Erfindung der Dampfmaschine und der Elektrizität sowie die ersten Automatisierungsbemühungen vor rund 50 Jahren
gelten als Vorreiter der Digitalisierung, wie sie in der Industrie 4.0 gesehen wird. Den gleichen Beginn, die Ablösung der Muskelkraft durch die Dampfmaschine, wählt die «Arbeitswelt»-Reihe. Die Erfindung des Fliessbands und der Übergang in die Dienstleistungsgesellschaft sind hier die Zwischenschritte bis zur Digitalisierung.
Ich selbst favorisiere folgende Variante: Die Digitalisierung ist die vierte Stufe der Entwicklung der Medien. Der deutsche Soziologe Dirk Baecker propagiert diese in seinem Buch «4.0 oder Die Lücke die der Rechner lässt». Darin erläutert er, warum das Phänomen der Digitalisierung nicht nur die Industrie- und die Arbeitswelt, sondern die Gesellschaft als Ganze bis tief ins Private durchdrungen hat, was bei der Betrachtung der Digitalisierung als rein technische Errungenschaft verlorengeht.
Baecker verfolgt präzise die Entwicklung der Medien. In den tribalen Urgesellschaften erfolgte der Übergang von einer Ausdrucksweise über Gebärden zur Sprache (1.0). In der Antike bekam die Sprache mit der Schrift (2.0) ein Gedächtnis und man musste nicht mehr unmittelbar anwesend sein, wenn gesprochen wurde. Auch konnte das Tempo der Informationsaufnahme vom Tempo des Informationsempfangs getrennt werden, wodurch Zeit für das Reflektieren des Vermittelten gewonnen wurde. In der modernen Gesellschaft ist mit der Erfindung des Buchdrucks (3.0) die Verbreitungsmöglichkeit der Information verstärkt worden, denn vorher musste für jede Kopie eine Abschrift durch menschliche Arbeit gemacht werden, was in der Antike vor allem Sklaven und im Mittelalter vor allem Mönche in Klöster leisteten. Die Stufe 4.0, die Digitalisierung, ist in diesem Sinne eine kontinuierliche Entwicklung, welche Sprache, Schrift und Buchdruck integriert und um eine hinsichtlich des Orts und der Zeit universale Verbreitungsmöglichkeiten ergänzt. Die Welt wird damit zum globalen Dorf und die Zeit der Verbreitung löst sich quasi sofort auf, wie es der kanadische Kommunikationswissenschaftler Marshall McLuhan vor 60 Jahren prophezeit hat.
Baecker zeigt auch auf, dass jede neue Medienform die Gesellschaft zuerst überfordert hat, da sie darauf in keiner Art und Weise vorbereitet war. Die Gesellschaft reagiere auf Neues zuerst mit Ablehnung und schrecke auch vor übler Nachrede nicht zurück, wenn es dazu dient, das bessere Verstehen zu blockieren.
In diesem Sinne steht die Polarisierung rund um den Begriff «Digitalisierung» im geschichtlichen Kontext betrachtet in bester Gesellschaft. Es hat fast 5 000 Jahre gedauert, bis nach der Erfindung der Schrift das obligatorische Schulwesen in der
Schweizerischen Bundesverfassung (1874) verankert wurde. Dazwischen ist noch der Buchdruck erfunden worden. Andererseits baut die Entwicklung der Medien auf nachhaltigen Konzepten auf, denn es ist eine fortgesetzte Entwicklung erkennbar, die auf längere Sicht ausgelegt ist. Und diese Nachhaltigkeit wird in der Fortsetzung dieser Kolumne Thema sein.
ANMERKUNG
1) Die Kolumne bildet den zweiten Teil einer Serie von Kolumnen zum Themenkomplex Digitalisierung und Nachhaltigkeit.
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