Building Information Modeling (BIM) ist eine neuartige Arbeitsweise respektive Kommunikationsmethode zwischen unterschiedlichen Akteuren in der Baubranche. Im Zentrum steht ein digitales Datenbank-basiertes 3D-Modell des betreffenden Bauwerks mit seiner Umgebung und seinen vernetzten Daten. Das 3D-BIM-Grundlagenmodell stellt eine einheitliche, dreidimensionale Grundlage für das gesamte Bauprojekt Suurstoffi Baufeld 1 Rotkreuz dar.
Beim Projekt Suurstoffi BF1 wurden verschiedene bestehende Geodaten wie DGM, Liegenschaftsinformationen, Nachbargebäude, Werkleitungen, Bahnanlage, Strassenmöbel und Grundwasserdaten mit hoch präzisen Laserscanning-Aufnahmen des gesamten Bauplatzes in ein Grundlagenmodell zusammengeführt. Somit waren mit der Erstellung des digitalen Zwillings der Raumbezug als einheitliche Planungsgrundlage definiert und der für das ganze Projekt geltende Projektnullpunkt früh festgelegt. Hieraus konnten während der Planungs- und Bauphase wichtige Informationen, wie beispielsweise für die Planung der Leitungsführung, schnell und effizient extrahiert werden. Ein präzises Grundlagenmodell war insbesondere für die Planung und Baustellenlogistik der grossen Baugrube infolge der engen Platzverhältnisse unabdingbar.
- Rohbaukontrolle mit neuen Algorithmen
Was nützt eine optimale Planung nach der BIM-Methode, wenn der Bau nicht auch genauso ausgeführt wird? In den meisten Fällen sind leider «Bastelaktionen» auf der Baustelle infolge unpräziser Umsetzung nötig, die wiederum zu Bauverzögerungen und damit zu Mehrkosten führen. Dabei ist ein optimales Umsetzen mit der Einhaltung der geometrischen Genauigkeit auf dem Bau die Grundlage für alle in der Planung beabsichtigten und konzipierten Ziele. Eine präzise Vorfertigung der Bauteile, der reibungslose und termingerechte Bau oder die Installation der Gebäudetechnik ohne Zeitverzögerung sind nur einige wichtige Beispiele. Zudem dient sie oft als Basis für eine optimierte Lösung im Betrieb. Im Suurstoffi-Projekt ermöglicht die frühzeitige Detektion von Baumängeln das proaktive Reagieren und eine vorausschauende Beseitigung dieser. Die dazu notwendigen Schritte konnten in den Bauprozess integriert werden: - Erfassung des gesamten Rohbaus mittels Laserscanning respektive die Erstellung eines hoch präzisen digitalen Zwillings in Form einer Punktwolke.
- Dieser Zwilling wird mit dem geplanten 3D-BIM-Modell verglichen. Dazu wurden eigens komplexe Algorithmen entwickelt, um die Kontrollprozesse zu teilautomatisieren. Das wiederum führt zu einer enormen Kosteneinsparung gegenüber konventioneller Methoden.
- Allfällige Differenzen werden unabhängig und unmissverständlich dokumentiert, was für spätere Diskussionen über Baumängel vorbeugend wirken kann.
- Allfällige Differenzen werden ausgewiesen, beurteilt und falls nötig entsprechende Massnahmen abgeleitet, die sowohl die Planung als auch die Ausführung betreffen.
- Konkret werden die Ebenheiten des Bodens und der Decken geprüft. Diese Auswertungen fanden besonders in der Tiefgarage zwecks Entwässerung sowie Einhaltung der eng bemessenen Raumhöhen für den Einbau der überdimensionalen Gebäudetechnik-Anlagen Anwendung.
Neben den Ebenheitsprüfungen werden ebenfalls die Wände auf Lagekorrektheit geprüft. Bereits kleinste Lageversätze haben gravierende Auswirkungen auf die Baustatik und auf die Raumflächen sowie auf den späteren (engen) Einbau von Gebäudetechnik-Installationen. Ebenfalls werden alle Aussparungen in Höhe und Lage kontrolliert. Die selbstentwickelten Algorithmen liefern für jede Aussparung einen eingefärbten Punktwolken-Zwilling. Die Ampelfarben beschreiben dabei die geometrische Qualität der Aussparung. Abweichungen gegenüber der vom Planungsteam festgelegten Toleranzen (+ / - drei Zentimeter) werden in unterschiedlichen Farben dargestellt (siehe Abbildungen 1 und 2). Dies ermöglicht eine sehr einfache Beurteilung der geometrischen Genauigkeit der Aussparungen. Sind die Abweichungen so gross, dass sie den Einbau der Haustechnik signifikant beeinflussen, wird die Information mittels standardisierter modellbasierter Kommunikation per BCF (BIM Collaboration Format) dem entsprechenden Fachplaner bereitgestellt. Diese einfache Kommunikation erübrigt eine aufwändige Lokalisierungsbeschreibung der fehlerhaften Aussparung und ein digitales Verwalten beziehungsweise Abhandeln eines Baumangels.
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