Die Themenbereiche Nachhaltigkeit und Digitalisierung werden leider zu oft als getrennte Felder betrachtet. Das ist ein Fehler. Der folgende Beitrag aus der Praxis beleuchtet die Chancen, aber auch Herausforderungen, wenn Akteure die Bereiche zusammenbringen.
Die Baubranche steht vor grossen Aufgaben. 40 Prozent der weltweiten Treibhausgasemissionen sind dem Bau und Betrieb von Gebäuden zuzuordnen. Um die Klimaerwärmung zu begrenzen, müssen die globalen Emissionen in den nächsten acht Jahren halbiert werden. Das Bauwesen muss sich dieser Herausforderung aufgrund der genutzten materiellen und monetären Ressourcen und der Umweltwirkungen stellen.1 Die Dringlichkeit von Veränderungen in der Baubranche ist den meisten bekannt. Überwältigt werden wir (die Planenden) jedoch von der Vielzahl an möglichen Massnahmen zum Erreichen von Nachhaltigkeit in der Baubranche. Komplexe Rahmenbedingungen und eine Vielzahl von Vorschriften müssen berücksichtigt werden.2 Das überfordert teilweise sogar die leidenschaftlichsten Nachhaltigkeitsaktivisten und verleitet dazu, die Herausforderungen nicht motiviert und konsequent anzugehen.
Wie können der Energieverbrauch und die Emissionen aus der gebauten Umwelt sinnvoll reduziert werden? Wie können wir in allen Dimensionen nachhaltige Gebäude planen? Und wie erreichen wir die Zustimmung und Mitwirkung der gesamten Baubranche, um die notwendigen Massnahmen zu ergreifen?
Wir bei Gruner planen, bauen und managen Bauwerke nicht nur für Kunden, sondern auch für die Gesellschaft. Dabei sind wir bestrebt, für eine lebenswerte Zukunft zu bauen und negative Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt auf ein Minimum zu reduzieren. Deshalb bieten wir nachhaltige Lösungen an und entwickeln uns entsprechend den aktuellen Bedürfnissen und Technologien stetig weiter. Unseren Kunden bieten wir Sicherheit in Bezug auf Kosten und Zeit.
Standard unterstützt Kompromiss
Um die Erreichung von Nachhaltigkeitszielen im Bauwesen zu unterstützen, hat sich in der Schweiz der Standard Nachhaltiges Bauen Schweiz (SNBS) etabliert. Das umfassende Konzept beurteilt die Nachhaltigkeit anhand von zwölf Themenfeldern, die jeweils den drei Bereichen Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Umwelt zugeordnet sind. Er wird angewendet für das Gebäude an sich sowie den Standort im Kontext seines Umfeldes und betrachtet den gesamten Lebenszyklus einer Immobilie. Dadurch werden Bedürfnisse von Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und Umwelt gleichermassen in die Bewertung von Planung, Bau und Betrieb miteinbezogen. Zielkonflikte können deutlich gemacht werden. Der Standard unterstützt beim Finden des optimalen Kompromisses.
Der manuelle Arbeitsaufwand für die Bewertung nach SNBS ist jedoch hoch und lässt sich nur schwer in einen agilen Arbeitsprozess, in dem schnelle Handlungsfähigkeit gefordert ist, einbinden. Vor allem in frühen Projektphasen, in denen Entscheidungen grossen Einfluss auf die Nachhaltigkeit haben, ist jedoch eine schnelle Rückmeldung gewünscht.
Für alle Projektbeteiligte nutzbar
Gruner setzt hier auf den Einsatz der integrierten, automatisierten Nachhaltigkeitsanalyse mithilfe innovativer Methoden, Prozesse und Werkzeuge. Ziel ist es, die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit weitgehend zu automatisieren und Optimierungsvorschläge in allen Phasen des Projekts schnell überprüfen zu können. Als Werkzeug hat sich hier die visuelle Programmierumgebung Grasshopper etabliert. Im Gegensatz zu textuellen Programmiersprachen, die Kenntnisse der komplexen Befehls-Syntax und grosse Abstraktionsfähigkeit erfordern, werden keine Text-Codes, sondern grafische Elemente für die Programmierung verwendet. Die grafische Programmierung ist leichter zu erlernen und baut technische und fachliche Barrieren durch die weitgehend simple Bedienung ab. Die Entwicklung ist so für alle Projektbeteiligten nutzbar und kann in Kooperation weiterentwickelt werden.
Voraussetzung für die automatisierte Berechnung und Bewertung ist eine strukturierte, homogenisierte Datengrundlage. Diese umfasst sowohl Daten zum Standort und Monitoring als auch Daten aus gesetzlichen Vorgaben (Normen). Externe Anbieter wie Luucy, Nomoko oder Esri mit Arc-GIS stellen diese Daten digital und zentral zur Verfügung. Auf den cloudbasierten Plattformen sind 3-D-Modelle zu Topografie und bestehenden Gebäuden mit Informationen zu baurechtlichen Grundlagen, Informationen der amtlichen Vermessung oder kartierte Energien und Medien gespeichert. Mithilfe der Daten können in einem ersten, automatisierten Schritt die standortbezogenen Chancen und Grenzen für die Planung ausgelotet und, darauf basierend, mögliche Gebäudegeometrien für die frühe Planungsphase erstellt werden. Bei der Zusammenarbeit mit Projektbeteiligten, die im Hinblick auf die Digitalisierung auf einem hohen Niveau agieren, ist auch der Import einer parametrisierten Gebäudegeometrie möglich. Soll die Entwicklung in späteren Planungsphasen zum Einsatz kommen, in denen die Geometrie schon feststeht, kann ebenfalls eine Geometrie importiert werden.
Anmerkungen
1) Leitfaden Nachhaltiges Bauen, 2019 (bund.de)
2) www.linkedin.com/pulse/esg-real-estate-messagecop-26-backfiring-lucienne-mosquera/?trackingId=wcJYsIRKQHaLe97b%2Fw12hA%3D%3D
3) www.nnbs.ch/standard-snbs-hochbau
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